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Factor 5 dev costs

The figures/budgets below may be just estimates, or may exclude marketing or miscellaneous costs.

List of highest budgets[]

Development (at least $10 million)[]

Title Platform Year Nominal
(million US$)
Inflation
(million US$)
Ref
Grand Theft Auto V PS3, 360 2013 137 172 [1][2]
Grand Theft Auto IV PS3, 360 2008 100 136 [3]
Halo 4 360 2012 100 127 [4]
Tomb Raider PS3, 360, PC 2013 100 126 [5]
Shenmue DC 1999 70 123 [6]
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim PC, PS3, PS4, 360, XB1 2011 85 111
Gran Turismo 5 PS3 2010 80 107 [7][3]
Crysis 3 PC, PS3, 360 2012 66 84 [8]
Too Human 360 2008 60 82 [3]
Final Fantasy XIII PS3, 360 2009 60 82
Killzone 2 PS3 2009 60 82 [9]
Final Fantasy VII PS1 1997 45 82 [10]
Final Fantasy XII PS2 2006 53 77 [11]
Huxley PC 2007 50 71 [12]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 PC, PS3, 360 2009 50 68 [13]
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots PS3 2008 50 68
Final Fantasy IX PS1 2000 40 68
APB: All Points Bulletin PC 2010 50 67 [14]
Final Fantasy X PS2 2001 40 66 [15]
TERA Online PC  2011 50 65 [16]
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 2600 1982 21 64
Tom Clancy's The Division PS4, XB1, PC 2014 50 62 [17][18]
Final Fantasy VIII PS1 1999 30 53 [19]
Final Fantasy XI PS2, PC 2002 26.3 43 [20]
Halo 3 360 2007 30 42
Pokémon Go Mobile 2016 30 37 [21]
Brutal Legend PS3, 360 2009 24 33 [22]
Yakuza PS2 2005 21 31
Lost Planet: Extreme Condition 360, PS3 2006 20 29 [23]
Legend of Dragoon PS1 1999 16 28
Quake 4 PC, 360 2005 15 22 [24]
Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty PS2 2001 10 17 [25]
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas PS2 2004 10 15 [26]
Forgotten Worlds ARC 1988 5 12 [27]

Marketing (at least $10 million)[]

Title Platform Year Nominal
(million US$)
Inflation
(million US$)
Ref
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 PC, PS3, 360 2009 150 205 [13]
Final Fantasy VII PS1 1997 100 182 [10]
Grand Theft Auto V PS3, 360 2013 120 151 [1] [2]
Grand Theft Auto IV PS3, 360 2008 100 136 [3]
Tomb Raider PS3, 360, PC 2013 100 126 [28]
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim PC, PS3, PS4, 360, XB1 2011 85 111 [29]
Pokémon Red/Green/Blue GB, GBC 1996 50 93 [30]
Sonic 3 & Knuckles MD 1994 45 89 [31]
Crysis 3 PC, PS3, 360 2012 66 84 [8]
Too Human 360 2008 60 82 [3]
Killzone 2 PS3 2009 60 82 [9]
Street Fighter II ARC, SNES, MD 1991 31 67
APB: All Points Bulletin PC 2010 50 67 [32]
Super Mario Bros. 3 NES 1988 25 62 [33]
Tom Clancy's The Division PS4, XB1, PC 2014 50 62 [17][18]
Wii Fit Wii 2007 40 56 [34]
Halo 3 360 2007 40 56 [35]
Game of War: Fire Age Mobile 2014 40 49 [36]
Shenmue DC 1999 23 40 [6]
Star Fox SNES 1993 15 30 [37]
Lost Planet: Extreme Condition 360, PS3 2006 20 29 [38]
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 MD 1992 10 21 [39]
Mortal Kombat MD, SNES, GB, GG 1993 10 20 [40]
Mortal Kombat Multi-platform 1994 10 20 [41]
NiGHTS into Dreams Saturn 1996 10 19 [42]
Frogger 2600 1982 6 18 [43]
Radar Scope ARC 1980 5 18 [44]
Left 4 Dead 360, PC 2008 10 14 [45]
The Legend of Zelda NES 1986 5 13 [46]
Tengai Makyō II: Manjimaru PCE 1992 5 10 [47]

Manufacturing (at least $10 million)[]

Title Platform Year Nominal
(million US$)[48]
Inflation
(million US$)
Ref
Space Invaders ARC 1978 261 927 [49][50]
Pac-Man ARC 1980 261 840 [49][51]
Street Fighter II ARC, SNES, MD 1991 382 821 [52][53]
Super Mario World SNES 1990 309 692 [54]
Super Mario Bros. NES 1985 241 656 [55]
Sonic the Hedgehog MD 1991 225 483 [56]
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time N64 1998 190 341 [57]
Super Mario 64 N64 1996 175 327 [58]
Super Mario Bros. 3 NES 1988 108 267 [59]
Mario Kart 64 N64 1996 135 252 [60]
Super Mario Kart SNES 1992 120 250 [61]
Final Fantasy VII PS1 1997 120 219 [62]
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 MD 1992 90 188 [63]
Pac-Man 2600 1982 54 164 [64][65]
Super Mario Bros. 2 NES 1987 60 155 [66]
The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past SNES 1991 70 150 [67]
The Legend of Zelda NES 1986 52 139 [68]
Star Fox SNES 1993 60 122 [69][70]
Sonic 3 & Knuckles MD 1994 60 118 [71]
Final Fantasy VIII PS1 1999 66 116 [72]
Final Fantasy VI SNES 1994 52 103 [73]
Dragon Quest VI SNES 1995 48 92 [74]
Pokémon Red/Green/Blue GBC 1996 48 90 [75]
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link NES 1987 35 90 [76]
Dragon Quest V SNES 1992 42 88 [77]
Aladdin MD 1993 40 81 [78]
Chrono Trigger SNES 1995 41 79 [79]
Mortal Kombat II SNES, MD 1994 40 79 [80]
Final Fantasy V SNES, PS1 1992 38 79 [81]
Dragon Quest III NES 1988 32 79 [82]
Beatmania ARC 1997 38 69 [83]
Dance Dance Revolution ARC 1998 38 68 [84][83]
APB: All Points Bulletin PC 2010 50 67 [85]
Final Fantasy IV SNES, PS1, GBA 1991 31 67 [86]
Dragon Quest IV NES, PS1 1990 29 65 [87]
Frogger 2600 1982 18 55 [88][89]
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 2600 1982 18 55 [90][91]
Mortal Kombat MD, SNES, GB, GG 1993 21 43 [92][93]
Missile Command ARC 1980 12 43 [49]
Shenmue DC 1999 24 42 [94]
Final Fantasy IX PS1 2000 22 37 [95][96]
Final Fantasy X PS2 2001 14 23 [97]
Gran Turismo 5 PS3 2010 13 17 [98]
Wii Fit Wii 2007 12 17 [99][100]
Gun Fight ARC 1975 3 16 [101]
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots PS3 2008 11 15 [102][103]
Final Fantasy XIII PS3, 360 2009 9.6 13 [104]
Journey Escape 2600 1983 4.5 13 [105]
Special Criminal Investigation ARC 1989 5 12 [106]

At least $10 million[]

Under $10 million[]

Timeline of budget records[]

Development[]

Timeline of development budget milestones
Title Year Developer Platform Development Inflation Ref
Super Galaxian 1981 Epoch Handheld $91,000 $290,000 [136]
Donkey Kong 1981 Nintendo R&D1 Arcade $100,000 $320,000 [129][138]
Gakken Baseball 1981 Gakken Handheld $140,000 $450,000 [136]
Slither 1982 Century II / GDI Arcade $1,300,000 $3,900,000 [128]
Dragon's Lair 1983 AMS Arcade $3,000,000 $8,800,000 [124]
Far East of Eden II: Manji Maru 1992 Red Company PCE $4,000,000 $8,300,000 [139]
Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger 1994 Origin Systems PC $4,000,000 $7,900,000 [140]
Phantasmagoria 1995 Sierra On-Line PC $4,000,000 $7,700,000 [141]
Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom 1996 Origin Systems PC $12,000,000 $22,000,000 [140][142]
Final Fantasy VII 1997 Squaresoft PlayStation $45,000,000 $82,000,000 [143]
Shenmue 1999 Sega AM2 Dreamcast $70,000,000 $123,000,000 [6]
Grand Theft Auto IV 2008 Rockstar North PS3, X360, PC $100,000,000 $136,000,000 [144]
Star Wars: The Old Republic 2011 BioWare PC $200,000,000 $260,000,000 [145]
Star Citizen ? Cloud Imperium PC $275,000,000 $275,000,000 [146]

Licensing[]

Timeline of licensing budget milestones
Title Year Developer Publisher Platform(s) Cost Inflation Ref
Popeye 1982 Nintendo R&D1 Parker Brothers Consoles $2,000,000 $6,100,000 [127]
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Atari Atari 2600 $21,000,000 $64,000,000

Marketing[]

Timeline of marketing budget milestones
Title Year Developer Publisher Platform Marketing Inflation Ref
Donkey Kong 1981 Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo Arcade $1,000,000 $3,200,000 [129]
Zaxxon 1981 Sega Sega Arcade $1,000,000 $3,200,000 [130]
Pac-Man 1982 Namco Atari Atari 2600 $1,500,000 $4,500,000 [147]
Frogger 1982 Konami Parker Brothers Atari 2600 $10,000,000 $30,000,000 [127]
The Empire Strikes Back 1982 Parker Brothers
Super Mario Bros. 3 1988 Nintendo EAD Nintendo NES $25,000,000 $62,000,000 [148]
Sonic & Knuckles 1994 Sega Sega Mega Drive $45,000,000 $89,000,000 [149]
Pokémon Red/Green/Blue 1997 Nintendo Nintendo GB, GBC $50,000,000 $73,000,000 [30]
Final Fantasy VII 1997 Squaresoft Squaresoft, Sony PlayStation $100,000,000 $182,000,000 [150]

Manufacturing[]

Timeline of manufacturing cost milestones
Title Year Developer Manufacturer Platform(s) Manufacturing (est.) Inflation Ref
Gun Fight 1975 Taito Midway Arcade $3,000,000 $16,000,000 [101]
Space Invaders 1978 Taito Taito Arcade $261,000,000 $927,000,000 [49][50]
Pac-Man 1980 Namco Namco Arcade $261,000,000 $840,000,000 [49][51]
Super Mario World 1990 Nintendo Nintendo SNES $309,000,000 $692,000,000 [54]
Street Fighter II 1991 Capcom Capcom ARC, SNES, MD $382,000,000 $821,000,000 [52][53]

See also[]

References[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 Sinclair, Brendan (1 Feb 2013). GTA V dev costs over $137 million, says analyst. GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved on 9 September 2013.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Grand Theft Auto V:
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Top 10 Most Expensive Video Games Ever Made
  4. http://www.lazygamer.net/xbox/xbox-360/halo-4-is-the-most-expensive-game-that-microsoft-has-ever-produced/
  5. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-03-27-single-player-ip-will-cause-problems-for-square-enix
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 [1] [2] [3]
  7. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/gran-turismo-5-sporting-60-million-budget/1100-6239328/
  8. 8.0 8.1 [4] [5]
  9. 9.0 9.1 [6] [7] [8]
  10. 10.0 10.1 [9] [10] [11]
  11. http://www.videogames.com.au/general/top-10-expensive-video-game-budgets-2/
  12. http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Tim-Schafer-Compares-Past-Video-Game-Budgets-Current-Budgets-39474.html
  13. 13.0 13.1 [12] [13]
  14. http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/03/28/montgomery-co-raises-50-million-for-realtime-worlds/
  15. Development: ¥4 billion = $40 million 
  16. http://www.sooperarticles.com/art-entertainment-articles/tera-online-gaming-worlds-most-expensive-76974.html
  17. 17.0 17.1 [14]
  18. 18.0 18.1 [15]
  19. Wessel, Craig (2000). A Parent's Guide to PlayStation Games. Mars Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-9675127-5-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=1IwyQXPPNfAC. "The most recent release in the series, Final Fantasy VIII, is also one of the most lavish productions in video game history, reportedly costing over $30 million to make."
  20. IGN Staff (May 10, 2002). Final Fantasy XI—Big Plans, Big Money. IGN. Retrieved on August 15, 2006.
  21. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019022349/siliconangle.com/blog/2015/10/15/pokemon-go-dev-niantic-nabs-up-to-30-million-in-funding-from-google-nintendo-and-pokemon/
  22. Postmortem: Double Fine's Brutal Legend
  23. http://members.forbes.com/global/2007/0212/022.html
  24. Conklin, Aaron (September 16, 2005). Soaring into year 15 Middleton-Based Raven Software is set two release two A-list Video Games in the coming weeks.
  25. Keighley, Geoff (May 16, 2012). The Final Hours of Metal Gear Solid 2. Gamespot.
  26. Prince, Marcelo (December 21, 2004). Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games. Retrieved on August 28, 2021.
  27. Sinclair User, September 1988
  28. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-03-27-single-player-ip-will-cause-problems-for-square-enix
  29. http://www.statisticbrain.com/skyrim-the-elder-scrolls-v-statistics/
  30. 30.0 30.1 Tobin, Joseph Jay (2004). Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-8223-3287-6.
  31. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-10-15/entertainment/ca-50485_1_video-game-technology
  32. http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/03/28/montgomery-co-raises-50-million-for-realtime-worlds/
  33. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/105984777/
  34. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=18096
  35. http://web.archive.org/web/20080210123556/www.brandweek.com/bw/magazine/current/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003637129
  36. http://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2014/11/16/a-40m-ad-budget-buys-game-of-war-fire-age-kate-upton/
  37. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=RM&p_theme=rm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4DC448181E3B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
  38. http://members.forbes.com/global/2007/0212/022.html
  39. Biddle, Frederic M. (1992-12-08). "Sega vs. Nintendo: The Rematch". Boston Globe: p. Economy 43.
  40. http://www.mannmuseum.com/the-high-tech-threat-to-our-younger-generation/
  41. https://books.google.com/books?id=LqNHAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6&article_id=4467,1687926
  42. http://www.ew.com/article/1996/09/20/nights
  43. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jnhcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a1cNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4201,2482231
  44. https://archive.fo/oWkUD
  45. http://www.edge-online.com/features/left-4-deads-10m-ad-campaign
  46. Sheff (1993), p. 188
  47. Turbo Play, April/May 1992, page 19
  48. Manufacturing costs:
  49. 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 https://arcadeblogger.com/2016/05/13/arcade-factory/
  50. 50.0 50.1 "After Pong". ACE (6 (March 1988)): 29-32 (29). 4 February 1988. https://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_06_1988-03_Future_Publishing_GB/page/n28/mode/1up.
  51. 51.0 51.1 Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NjmhJKkoKW0C&pg=PT120. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  52. 52.0 52.1 Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, costs: $186 million
  53. 53.0 53.1 Street Fighter II', manufacturing costs: $227 million
    • Street Fighter II': Champion Edition - 140,000 arcade cabinets manufactured at $1000 each = $140 million
    • Street Fighter II' Turbo: Hyper Fighting - 4.1 million SNES cartridges at $15 each = $62 million
    • Street Fighter II': Special Champion Edition - 1.65 million Mega Drive cartridges at $15 each = $25 million
  54. 54.0 54.1 20.6 million cartridges [19] [20] at $15 each = $309 million manufacturing
  55. 40.23 million cartridges at $6 each
  56. 15 million cartridges at $15 each = $225 million manufacturing
  57. 7.6 million cartridges at $25 each = $190 million
  58. 11.62 million cartridges at $15 each = $175 million manufacturing
  59. 18 million cartridges at $6 each
  60. 9 million cartridges at $15 each
  61. 8 million SNES cartridges [21] at $15 each = $120 million
  62. 10 million units [22] at $10 per package = $120 million manufacturing
  63. 6 million cartridges at $15 each = $90 million manufacturing
  64. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6K8lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H_QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1848,2535505
  65. 12 million cartridges at $4.50 each = $72 million
  66. 10 million cartridges at $6 each
  67. 4.61 million SNES cartridges at $15 each = $70 million
  68. 6.51 million cartridges at $8 each
  69. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=RM&p_theme=rm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4DC448181E3B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
  70. 4 million cartridges at $15 each = $60 million
  71. 4 million cartridges at $15 each = $60 million
  72. 8.15 million units (4 CD-ROM discs each) at $8 ($2 per disc) each
  73. 3.41 million units (2.55 million in Japan and 860,000 overseas]) at $15 per cartridge = $52 million
  74. 3.2 million cartridges [23] [24] at $15 each = $48 million
  75. 31.37 million units [25] at $1.50 per cartridge = $48 million
  76. 4.38 million catridges at $8 each
  77. 2.8 million cartridges [26] [27] at $15 each = $42 million
  78. 4 million MD/GEN cartridges [28] at $10 each
  79. 2.7 million units at $15 per cartridge = $41 million
  80. Mortal Kombat II: [29]
    • MD/GEN: 1.78 million cartridges at $10 each = $17.8 million
    • SNES: 1.51 million cartridges at $15 each = $22.6 million
  81. Final Fantasy V manufacturing costs:
    • SNES: 2.45 million cartridges at $15 each = $37 million
    • PS1: 170,000 CD-ROM discs at $2 each = $340,000
  82. 3.9 million cartridges (3.8 million in Japan and 95,000 in the US) at $8 each
  83. 83.0 83.1 25,000 arcade machines manufactured at $1500 each = $38 million
  84. Outsold Beatmania
  85. http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/03/28/montgomery-co-raises-50-million-for-realtime-worlds/
  86. Final Fantasy IV manufacturing costs:
    • SNES: 1.89 million cartridges (1.44 million in Japan and 450,000 overseas]) at $15 each = $29 million
    • PS1: 380,000 CD-ROM discs at $2 each = $760,000
    • GBA: Assuming GBC manufacturing cost of $1.50 per cartridge, 610,000 cartridges at $1.50 each = $920,000
  87. Dragon Quest IV:
    • NES: 3.2 million cartridges (3.1 million in Japan and 80,000 in the US) at $8 each = $26 million
    • PS1: 1.2 million CD-ROM discs at $2 each = $2.4 million
  88. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jnhcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a1cNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4201,2482231
  89. 3 million cartridges at $6 each
  90. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jnhcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a1cNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4201,2482231
  91. 4 million cartridges at $4.50 each = $18 million manufacturing
  92. http://www.mannmuseum.com/the-high-tech-threat-to-our-younger-generation/
  93. 3 million cartridges sold for 4 consoles (MD, SNES, Game Boy, Game Gear), assuming average manufacturing cost of $7 per cartridge ($15 SNES, $10 MD, $1.50 GB, $1.50 GG) = $21 million
  94. Assuming PS1 CD-ROM cost of $5 per disc for Dreamcast GD-ROM, 1.2 million units [30] at $20 ($5 per disc) each = $24 million
  95. http://squarehaven.com/news/2000/07/29/NTV-Tokyo-Interviews-Hironobu-Sakaguchi/
  96. Final Fantasy IX manufacturing cost: 5.3 million (4 CD-ROM) units [31] at $4 each ($1 per CD) = $22 million
  97. Final Fantasy X manufacturing cost: 6.6 million DVD discs [32] at $2 each
  98. 10.66 million units [33] at $1.20 per Blu-Ray = $13 million
  99. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=18096
  100. 22.67 million DVD discs at $0.50 each = $12 million
  101. 101.0 101.1 Lendino, Jamie (2020-09-27). Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games. Steel Gear Press. pp. 49. https://books.google.com/books?id=d6wCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49.
  102. http://www.videogames.com.au/general/top-10-expensive-video-game-budgets-2/
  103. 5.67 million units [34] at $1.80 per BD-ROM disc = $11 million
  104. Final Fantasy XIII manufacturing costs:
    • PS3: 4.84 million BD-ROM discs [35] at $1.20 each = $5.9 million
    • 360: 1.76 million DVD-ROM discs [36] at $2.10 ($0.70 per disc) each = $3.7 million
  105. Saltzman, Joe (December 13, 1982). The beat goes on. San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved on November 25, 2021.
  106. Meades, Alan (25 October 2022). Arcade Britannia: A Social History of the British Amusement Arcade. MIT Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-262-37235-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LudaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201. "In October 1989, Electrocoin was commissioned a £3-million order from Taito Europe to build 1,500 Special Criminal Investigation driving games"
  107. http://www.studiohem.com/richardhemery/essay-convergenceofvideogamesandcinema.htm
  108. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/midway-investing-30-million-in-stranglehold
  109. http://forums.qj.net/xbox-360/151759-assassins-creed-2-budget-bigger-than-originals.html
  110. http://pc.ign.com/articles/899/899976p1.html
  111. http://forums.qj.net/xbox-360/151759-assassins-creed-2-budget-bigger-than-originals.html
  112. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/i-d-struggle-to-make-a-game-for-less-than-50-million-says-jones
  113. http://www.edge-online.com/news/ghostbusters-budget-was-15-20-million
  114. http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Tim-Schafer-Compares-Past-Video-Game-Budgets-Current-Budgets-39474.html
  115. http://www.forbes.com/technology/2008/05/27/videogame-art-money-tech-personal-cx_mji_0528vgames.html
  116. http://www.digitalbattle.com/2006/08/11/red-steel-costs-ubisoft-12-million/
  117. http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Tim-Schafer-Compares-Past-Video-Game-Budgets-Current-Budgets-39474.html
  118. http://web.archive.org/web/20131113174154/http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1?pager.offset=2
  119. "Fighting Vipers: The Worthy Follow-Up to VF2". Electronic Gaming Monthly (Ziff Davis) (87): 124. October 1996.
  120. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ny0vvUpBzCYC&pg=PA156
  121. Kanondeal med speljätten gjorde Josef Fares till mångmiljonär (September 6, 2020). Retrieved on August 28, 2021.
  122. Saltzman, Marc (May 18, 2000). Game Design: Secrets of the Sages, Second Edition. Brady Games. p. 410, 411. ISBN 1566869870. https://archive.org/details/gamedesign00marc/page/410.
  123. http://www.falcom.com/licence/character/other_e.html
  124. 124.0 124.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=8GJhAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA26&article_id=2750,247645
  125. Inflation Calculator, Bureau of Labor Statistics
  126. 126.0 126.1 "Video File". The Los Angeles Times: p. 63. February 21, 1984. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/97132412/.
  127. 127.0 127.1 127.2 https://books.google.com/books?id=oJJNAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA34&article_id=7078,2567045
  128. 128.0 128.1 https://arcadeblogger.com/2017/06/02/gdis-slither-the-1-3-million-dollar-crash-burn/
  129. 129.0 129.1 129.2 Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Elcon Industries, Inc., 564, United States District Court, October 4, 1982, pp. 937-45, https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14413211357527714092, retrieved 2023-12-09
  130. 130.0 130.1 "Sega Bows TV Campaign For ‘Zaxxon’ Video Arcade Game". Cash Box: 30. 1982-07-10. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1982/CB-1982-07-10.pdf#page=30.
  131. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mKF5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347
  132. http://www.forbes.com/technology/2008/04/11/video-games-serials-tech-personal-cx_mji_0411serials.html
  133. These gamespeople play out their dreams (June 14, 2000). Retrieved on August 28, 2021.
  134. http://www.forbes.com/technology/2008/04/11/video-games-serials-tech-personal-cx_mji_0411serials.html
  135. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/gdc-braid-cost-200k-to-make-says-blow
  136. 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 昔(1970年代)のテレビゲームは何台売れた? (How many old (1970s) video games sold?) (Japanese). Classic Videogame Station Odyssey (CVS Odyssey) (2014-01-09). Archived from the original on 2023-11-02.
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